Alphabet Inc. (NASDAQ:GOOGL) on Tuesday set a 2029 deadline for migrating its entire infrastructure to post-quantum cryptography, warning that quantum frontiers “may be closer than they appear.”

The target is more aggressive than the U.S. federal government’s 2035 mandate and the NSA’s 2031 deadline, and it may carry serious implications for Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC).

Google’s VP of Security Engineering Heather Adkins and Senior Staff Cryptography Engineer Sophie Schmieg cited faster-than-expected progress in quantum hardware, error correction, and factoring resource estimates.

Two Threats, One Deadline

Google flagged two distinct risks.

The first is already happening: “store-now-decrypt-later” attacks, where adversaries harvest encrypted data today to crack it once quantum capability arrives.

The second targets digital signatures, the cryptographic proof underpinning online authentication and every blockchain transaction.

Google said it has adjusted its internal threat model to prioritize post-quantum migration for authentication services.

Why Bitcoin Is Exposed

Bitcoin relies on elliptic curve cryptography, the same type of math a powerful enough quantum computer could crack.

According to Project Eleven’s Bitcoin Risq List, more than 6 million BTC currently sit in addresses with exposed public keys, making them immediately vulnerable if a sufficiently powerful quantum machine comes online.

That’s over $400 billion at current prices. The rest of Bitcoin’s supply would face risk during transactions, when public keys are briefly exposed to the network.

Castle Island Ventures founding partner Nic Carter has been sounding the alarm for months, writing in December that Bitcoin developers are “sleepwalking towards collapse.”

On Thursday he went further, calling elliptic curve cryptography “on the brink of obsolescence” and accusing Bitcoin Core developers of a “worst in class approach” compared to Ethereum, which already has a post-quantum roadmap.

Not everyone agrees.

Bitcoin Core contributor Matt Corallo has argued quantum-proofing Bitcoin requires only two steps: burn old lost coins and force migration for everyone else.

But any change to Bitcoin’s protocol requires consensus across a decentralized network of miners, developers, and users.

The Broader Race

The Ethereum (CRYPTO: ETH) Foundation published its own quantum readiness roadmap this week, also targeting 2029.

While the main quantum threat is to Bitcoin’s digital signatures, prediction markets are already betting on broader security upgrades. A Polymarket contract asking whether Bitcoin will replace SHA-256 before 2027 trades at just 6% with $148,000 in volume.

BTC was trading around $68,700 on Wednesday, down roughly 45% from its October 2025 all-time high.

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